In both years, TOS2 treatment’s plants experienced higher
temperatures (above 30 C) for 3–4 days during anthesis, which
may have accelerated grain protein synthesis. However, a smaller
increase of grain protein concentration in the 2009-TOS2 compared
to 2008-TOS2 could be related to the high temperature induced heat
shock (>40 C) experienced during grain filling (Balla et al., 2009). In
2009 TOS2 crops experienced > 35 C maximum temperature on the
3 days after anthesis including 7 days of >40 C maximum temperature
during grain filling.