It is noticed that here is no
มันเป็นที่สังเกตเห็นว่าที่นี่ไม่มีองค์ประกอบที่ยื่นออกมาเหนือพื้นผิวบุ๋มเว้า. จึงแตกต่างจากกระแสรองในสี่เหลี่ยมช่องทางที่มีผนังสองตรงข้ามหยาบโดยมุมซี่โครงที่หนึ่ง, สองหรือสี่เซลล์กระแส vortical อาจไม่ได้รับการสร้างขึ้นในช่วงข้ามส่วนของบุ๋มช่อง protruding element over the concave dimpled surface.
Therefore, unlike the secondary flows in a rectangular
channel with two opposite walls roughened by angled
ribs, the one-, two- or four-cell vortical flows could
not be generated over the cross-section of a dimpled
channel. The absence of cross-plane large secondary
vortex structures could prohibit the further heat transfer
augmentation in a dimpled channel so that the spatially
averaged Nusselt numbers over a dimpled surface are in
the range of 1.85–2.89 times of the baseline Nusselt
number in smooth-walled channel [7]. Another surface
roughness that provides considerable heat transfer elevation
employs the wing-type longitudinal vortex generator.
Longitudinal vorticies are generated along the side
edges of each vortex generator (VG) by separation of
flow due to the pressure difference between the upstream
and downstream side of VG. These VG-induced vortices
swirl the main flow to enhance the fluid mixing close to
and far from the wall that results in the considerable
heat transfer augmentation [9]. However, due to the
large cost of flow loss in VG channel, the two opposite
walls fitted with VGs remains impractical on account
of flow losses. An alternative approach by fitting VGs
on one wall and rib-roughened surface on the opposite
wall for heat transfer augmentation has been numerically
examined [10]. The ratios of Nusselt number and
friction coefficient between VG enhanced surface and
smooth-walled channel were approximated in the ranges
of 2.9–3.41 and 22.5–32 respectively for airflow with
Reynolds numbers ranging from 25,000 to 150,000
[10]. In many applications such as the tail-end cooling
of gas turbine blade and automotive heat exchangers,
where the channel width-to-height ratio approaches
8:1, the transverse velocity induced by the angled ribs
over the cross-section of narrow channel becomes relatively
low compared with the mainstream velocity [11].
In the rectangular channels with width-to-height ratios
of 1/4, 1/2, 1, 2 and 4, the pressure drop increments
are about 8–16 times greater for the channel with
width-to-height ratio of 4 if the same level of heat transfer
augmentation is to be achieved [5]. Thus the thermal
performance of rib-roughened channel, compared with
the constant pumping power, decreases with the increase
of channel width-to-height ratio [1–10]. Although a large
store of information for heat transfer augmentation in
rib-roughened channels has been recorded in the last
decade, only relatively few studies attempt the channels
with width-to-height ratios in the range of 8–10
[3,8,11,12]. For cooling applications of electronic chipsets
with intensified circuit densities in a Notebook
PC, which are strictly confined by the available machine
height, the narrow channel becomes one remained
option for heat sink design. However, justified by the
reported values of heat transfer augmentation and thermal
performance in the narrow channels from Sunden
group [3,8,11], the higher levels of heat transfer augmentation
and thermal performance factor are requested for
cooling of gas turbine blade and CPU in a Notebook
PC. This need urges the development of new enhanced
surface using the scaled roughness arranged in the staggered
manner. No previously published work is available
to examine the heat transfer performance in the
channel with two opposite walls roughened by scaled
surfaces. In this respect, the absence of research efforts
and the possibility of wide industrial applications that
require strong stiffness for structure integrity have motivated
the present study.
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