In Germany, as in Austria, where the problem of wildlife damage to forest vegetation is strongly felt, many
computational models have been implemented, among them a particularly interesting one (Clasen et al., 2013), in
which they have documented the impact of wildlife on vegetation, particularly for growth loss or reduction in timber
quality.
On the basis of their review, for spruce forest in Scotland, Gill et al (2001) concluded that much of the cost of
deer control might be offset against revenue from venison and that culling appeared to be a far more cost effective
option than fencing, which could cost in the region of 10-30% of yield for Sitka spruce.