After drying for 2 h at room temperature in the absence of food residue, cell counts of S. Typhimurium,
S. aureus, and L. monocytogenes decreased from 8 to 3, 6, and 5 log cfu/dish, respectively. Five milligrams
of fresh carrot, 0.05 mg dried nori, and 100 nL milk or soy milk per 10 mm 4 surface were sufficient to
demonstrate a protective effect on the adhered pathogens, as confirmed by atomic force microscopy.