On the other hand, much research has been published that suggests that NOS understanding is developed with explicit instruction coupled with ample opportunities for reflection (e.g., Abd-El-Khalick and Lederman [2000a], [2000b]; Akerson and Volrich [2006]; Aydeniz et al. [2011]; Khishfe and Abd-El-Khalick [2002]; Rudge et al. [2014]).