To test our hypotheses, we performed an experiment embedded in a web-based survey in
the spring of 2014. We recruited participants from undergraduate students at three American
universities, who received extra credit for their participation.1 Of roughly 1,550 students invited
to participate via email, 831 completed the survey (53.6% response rate). After cleaning the data,
we were left with N=305 valid responses.2
Participants for this study were recruited from two types of courses: non-media versus
media education classes. For the non-media course, we recruited participants from one of two