(Triad Medical and Aplicare)
in normal saline (see the Supplementary Appendix)
or used sterile normal saline alone. We
standardized the perioperative antibiotic regimens
and the minimum amount of solution
according to the severity of the open fracture
wound, which was graded according to the
Gustilo–Anderson classification (3 liters for
grade I fracture and 6 liters for grade II or III)
(see the Supplementary Appendix).2