Missing from the performance management literature is an inclusion of today’s more highly evolved and contemporary
understandings of organizational strategy. Several scholars, including Chenhall (2003), Kotha and Vadlamani (1995), Miller
and Roth (1994), and Shortell and Zajac (1990), have questioned the utility of using strategic archetypes developed in the
1970s and 1980s for studying 21st century phenomena. As Chenhall (2003) so aptly notes, “Strategies are being complicated
by the need for most organizations to be both low cost producers and to provide customers with high quality, timely, and
reliable delivery.”