Instruction of psychomotor skills without human instructors is challenging because
psychomotor skills involve tacit, procedural knowledge that is difficult to verbalize.
Accordingly, careful analysis of psychomotor skills should be carried out to inform
development of training information for their instruction (Jonassen et al., 1989). For
example, information should direct trainees’ attention to those details of skill execution
which have most influence on success: such as the positioning of hand grip on a tool;
the extent of joint movement; etc. Owing to the limitations of verbal and/or written
explanations of such knowledge, psychomotor skills are often instructed through
repeated physical demonstrations by a human instructor.