3.4. Cake volume and crumb cell structure
Significant interactions (P < 0.05) were found between improver incorporation and the fat replacement level for the cake volume, total cell area and cell circularity (Fig. 4A, B, and E).
No significant interactions (P < 0.05) were observed for cell area when different types of improvers and fat replacement levels were used(Fig. 4C and D).
Cakes with no improvers (0) displayed high volume values,and a crumb structure was characterised by an even distribution of small cells and by the presence of continuous air channels(Fig. 6).
High viscosities have been found to confer batters a greater capacity to retain the expanding air nuclei during heating and to resist the settling of starch granules, thereby improving both cake volume and crumb grain