The second phase of evolution and development of biotechnology can be called ‘Classical Biotechnology’. This phase existed from 1800 to almost the middle of the twentieth century. During this period various observations started pouring in, with scientific evidences. They were all very helpful toward solving the puzzle/s of biotechnology. Each and every contribution from different individuals helped to solve the puzzle and pave the path for new discoveries.
The basics for the transfer of genetic information are the core of biotechnology. This was, for the first time, deciphered in plants, i.e., Pisum sativum, commonly known as Pea plant. These observations were decoded by Gregor John Mendel (1822-1884), an Austrian Augustinian Monk. Mendel at that time presented “Laws of Inheritance” to the Natural Science Society in Brunn, Austria. Mendel proposed that invisible internal units of information account for observable traits, and that these ‘factors’ -later called as genes, which are passed from one generation to the next. However, the sad part of the story is that Mendel failed to get due recognition for his discovery for almost 34 years after his death, when other scientists like Hugo de Vries, Erich Von Tschermak, and Carl Correns validated Mendel's work in 1900. The reason why Mendel's study remained unnoticed for such a long period of time was because at the same time Charles Darwin's Theory of Evolution was so consuming that it shadowed the significance of work done by Mendel.
Almost at the same time Robert Brown had discovered nucleus in cells, while in 1868, Fredrich Miescher, a Swiss biologist reported nuclein, a compound that consisted of nucleic acid that he extracted from pus cells i.e., white blood cells (WBC). These two discoveries became the basis of modern molecular biology, for the discovery of DNA as a genetic material, and the role of DNA in transfer of genetic information. 1n 1881, Robert Koch, a German physician described the bacterial colonies growing on potato slices (First ever solid medium). Walter Hesse, one of the co-workers in Koch's laboratory, discovered agar when he asked his wife what kept the jelly solid even at high temperature of summer. She told, it is agar agar, since then nutrient agar became the most acceptable and useful medium to obtain pure microbial cultures as well as for their identification. In 1888, Heinrich Wilhelm Gottfried Von Waldeyer-Hartz, a German scientist coined the term ‘Chromosome’, which is considered as an organized structure of DNA and protein present in cells or a single piece of coiled DNA containing many genes, regulatory elements, and other nucleotide sequences. Other important discoveries during this period were vaccination against small pox and rabies developed by Edward Jenner a British Physician and Louis Pasteur a French Biologist.
By this time the development and growth of biological sciences seemed to be reaching to the exponential phase. The principle of genetics in inheritance was redefined by T H Morgan, who has shown inheritance and the role of chromosomes in inheritance by using fruit flies, i.e., Drosophila melanogaster. This landmark work of T H Morgan was named, ‘The theory of the Gene’ in 1926. Before the publication of Morgan's work, in 1909, the term ‘Gene’ had already been coined by Wilhelm Johannsen (1857-1927), who described ‘gene’ as carrier of heredity. Johannsen coined the terms ‘genotype’ and ‘phenotype’. ‘Genotype’ was meant to describe the genetic constitution of an organism, while ‘Phenotype’ was meant to describe actual organism. By this time genetics started gaining its importance, which led to the start of Eugenic Movement in USA, in 1924. As a result of this, in 1924, the US Immigration Act was used to restrict the influx of poorly educated immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe, on the grounds of their suspected genetic inferiority.
Almost at the same time, in Britain, Alexander Fleming a physician discovered antibiotics, when he observed that one microorganism can be used to kill another microorganism, a true representation of the ‘divide and rule’ policy of humans. Fleming noted that all bacteria (Staphylococci) died when a mold was growing in a petri-dish. Later he discovered ‘penicillin’ the antibacterial toxin from the mold Penicillium notatum, which could be used against many infectious diseases. Fleming wrote, “When I woke up just after dawn on September 28, 1928, I certainly didn’t plan to revolutionize all medicine by discovering the world's first antibiotic, or bacteria killer”. As a matter of fact vaccines and antibiotics turned out to be the best saviors of humanity. Can we attribute these two discoveries for the ever increasing population as well the ever ageing population of the world?
The second phase of evolution and development of biotechnology can be called ‘Classical Biotechnology’. This phase existed from 1800 to almost the middle of the twentieth century. During this period various observations started pouring in, with scientific evidences. They were all very helpful toward solving the puzzle/s of biotechnology. Each and every contribution from different individuals helped to solve the puzzle and pave the path for new discoveries.The basics for the transfer of genetic information are the core of biotechnology. This was, for the first time, deciphered in plants, i.e., Pisum sativum, commonly known as Pea plant. These observations were decoded by Gregor John Mendel (1822-1884), an Austrian Augustinian Monk. Mendel at that time presented “Laws of Inheritance” to the Natural Science Society in Brunn, Austria. Mendel proposed that invisible internal units of information account for observable traits, and that these ‘factors’ -later called as genes, which are passed from one generation to the next. However, the sad part of the story is that Mendel failed to get due recognition for his discovery for almost 34 years after his death, when other scientists like Hugo de Vries, Erich Von Tschermak, and Carl Correns validated Mendel's work in 1900. The reason why Mendel's study remained unnoticed for such a long period of time was because at the same time Charles Darwin's Theory of Evolution was so consuming that it shadowed the significance of work done by Mendel.Almost at the same time Robert Brown had discovered nucleus in cells, while in 1868, Fredrich Miescher, a Swiss biologist reported nuclein, a compound that consisted of nucleic acid that he extracted from pus cells i.e., white blood cells (WBC). These two discoveries became the basis of modern molecular biology, for the discovery of DNA as a genetic material, and the role of DNA in transfer of genetic information. 1n 1881, Robert Koch, a German physician described the bacterial colonies growing on potato slices (First ever solid medium). Walter Hesse, one of the co-workers in Koch's laboratory, discovered agar when he asked his wife what kept the jelly solid even at high temperature of summer. She told, it is agar agar, since then nutrient agar became the most acceptable and useful medium to obtain pure microbial cultures as well as for their identification. In 1888, Heinrich Wilhelm Gottfried Von Waldeyer-Hartz, a German scientist coined the term ‘Chromosome’, which is considered as an organized structure of DNA and protein present in cells or a single piece of coiled DNA containing many genes, regulatory elements, and other nucleotide sequences. Other important discoveries during this period were vaccination against small pox and rabies developed by Edward Jenner a British Physician and Louis Pasteur a French Biologist.By this time the development and growth of biological sciences seemed to be reaching to the exponential phase. The principle of genetics in inheritance was redefined by T H Morgan, who has shown inheritance and the role of chromosomes in inheritance by using fruit flies, i.e., Drosophila melanogaster. This landmark work of T H Morgan was named, ‘The theory of the Gene’ in 1926. Before the publication of Morgan's work, in 1909, the term ‘Gene’ had already been coined by Wilhelm Johannsen (1857-1927), who described ‘gene’ as carrier of heredity. Johannsen coined the terms ‘genotype’ and ‘phenotype’. ‘Genotype’ was meant to describe the genetic constitution of an organism, while ‘Phenotype’ was meant to describe actual organism. By this time genetics started gaining its importance, which led to the start of Eugenic Movement in USA, in 1924. As a result of this, in 1924, the US Immigration Act was used to restrict the influx of poorly educated immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe, on the grounds of their suspected genetic inferiority.เกือบเวลาเดียวกัน ในสหราชอาณาจักร อเล็กซานเดอร์เฟลมมิงแพทย์พบยาปฏิชีวนะ เมื่อเขาสังเกตว่า จุลินทรีย์ที่หนึ่งสามารถใช้ฆ่าจุลินทรีย์อื่น นำเสนอนโยบาย "แบ่งแยกแล้วปกครอง" ของมนุษย์ เฟลมมิงกล่าวว่า แบคทีเรียทั้งหมด (Staphylococci) เสียชีวิตเมื่อแม่พิมพ์โตในจานเพาะเชื้อ ภายหลังเขาพบ 'ยาเพนนิซิลลิน' พิษต้านเชื้อแบคทีเรียจาก Penicillium notatum ซึ่งสามารถใช้กับโรคติดเชื้อในแม่พิมพ์ เฟลมมิงเขียน "เมื่อตื่นขึ้นหลังรุ่งอรุณบน 28 กันยายน 1928 ฉันแน่นอนไม่ได้จะ revolutionize ยาทั้งหมด โดยการค้นพบโลกของยาปฏิชีวนะครั้งแรก หรือทำลายแบคทีเรีย" ที่แท้ค่าวัคซีนและยาปฏิชีวนะกลายเป็น saviors ที่ดีที่สุดของมนุษยชาติ เราสามารถกำหนดค้นพบเหล่านี้สองสำหรับประชากรที่เคยเพิ่มขึ้นเป็นอย่างดีเคยดีประชากรของโลก
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