In contrast, studies in
Zimbabwe, Chile, Thailand, and India found that smallholders
were able to successfully adapt, scale effects were modest, and
transactions costs in supply chains declined over time In Senegal, a shift to estate production excluded
smallholders, but these households then benefited from wage
labor opportunities that led to higher incomes (Maertens and
Swinnen, 2009). Low income workers in exporting firms also
benefited in Senegal from higher wages and longer employment
periods. Taken together, these results show that
livelihood impacts of food safety compliance tend to be positive.