In this article, we report on the 2006 Census of Institutional Repositories in the United States2 and subsequent interviews with the developers of selected institutional repositories. In particular, we will highlight the implications for archives and special collections in colleges and universities as greater numbers of institutional repositories are implemented. Clifford Lynch describes institutional repositories (Institutional Repositories) as “a set of services that a university offers to the members of its community for the management and dissemination of digital materials created by the institution and its community members.”3 Given this definition, Institutional Repositories present both opportunities and challenges for college and university archivists. Will Institutional Repositories be an opportunity to improve management of digital data for their institutions? Are Institutional Repositories a sign that archivists are losing control of electronic institutional records? The Census provides some insight into these and other questions concerning a college’s or university’s archives as its institutional repository.