By estimating a human-capital-augmented version of equation (8) with the same variables as before, one should expect to find three results. First, there should be no effects of the two capital–output ratios, because they are not determining the steady state and because their variation may be considered as random. Second, there should be an economically important effect of the measure of institutional quality, which should be considered as the determinant of the steady state. Third, there should be a rate of convergence in the range of 2 per cent, which would be predicted on the basis of a combined share of physical and human capital of about two thirds and a conditional rate of labour-force growth of about 6 per cent (as assumed in MRW). The results presented in column (4) of Table 1 largely confirm these a priori expectations. There appear to be no economically important effects of the two capital–output ratios. The estimated coefficient on the measure of institutional quality (expropriation risk) implies a statistically significant point estimate of the parameter φ of 0.89, which is within one standard deviation of the point estimates reported for the equations in levels (see columns (2) and (3)). The rate of convergence is estimated to be 2.6 per cent, which is statistically significantly different from zero but not different from 2 per cent or 3 per cent