Secondary and tertiary education improves the chances of having wage employment, but even for workers with university education, underemployment and unemployment is the norm. The African Development Bank (2012) reports that only 30 per cent of young people with some tertiary education hold wage employment, while another 30 per cent are in ‘vulnerable employment’, and the remaining 40 per cent are unemployed, inactive or discouraged. Open unemployment actually rises with education, as previously noted.