The SSF experiments were performed for five consecutive batches under a non-sterile condition and at a room temperature. The
highest lactic acid concentration and viable lactic acid bacteria at 28.71 g/L and 9.26 log CFU/mL, respectively, were
obtained in the 48 h of the first batch fermentation. The highest COD and TKN removal efficiencies at 98% and 85%,
respectively, were obtained in the 48 h of the second batch fermentation.