Aflatoxin-producing members of Aspergillus are common and widespread in nature. They can colonize and contaminate grain before harvest or during storage. Host crops, which include maize, sorghum, and groundnuts, are particularly susceptible to infection by Aspergillus following prolonged exposure to a high-humidity environment, or damage from stressful conditions such as drought. In 2003, 120 people died in Kenya after eating maize with very high aflatoxin levels.[6]
The native habitat of Aspergillus is in soil, decaying vegetation, hay, and grains undergoing microbiological deterioration, and it invades all types of organic substrates whenever conditions are favorable for its growth. Favorable conditions include high moisture content (at least 7%) and high temperature. The Aflacontrol project, conducted by IFPRI with scientists from CIMMYT, the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Directorate of Groundnut Research and other organizations, sought to provide evidence of the cost-effectiveness of aflatoxin risk-reduction strategies along maize and groundnut value chains in Africa, and to understand what prevented adoption of these control strategies. The project found that, in both Kenya and Mali, maize drying and storage practices were inadequate in minimizing exposure to aflatoxins.[7]
Organic crops which are not treated with fungicides may be more susceptible to contamination with aflatoxins.[8]
The toxin also may be found in the milk of animals that are fed contaminated feed.[citation needed]
International sources of commercial peanut butter, cooking oils (e.g. olive, peanut and sesame oil), and cosmetics have been identified as contaminated with aflatoxin.[9][10][11] In some instances, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and other analytical methods, revealed a range from 48% to 80% of selected product samples as containing detectable quantities of aflatoxin. In many of these contaminated food products, the aflatoxin exceeded the safe limits of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), or other regulatory agency.[10][11][12][13]
To protect human and animal health, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has established action levels for aflatoxin present in food or feed that range between 20 and 300 ppb.[14]
Aflatoxin B1 & B2, produced by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus
Aflatoxin G1 & G2, produced by Aspergillus parasiticus
Aflatoxin M1, metabolite of aflatoxin B1 in humans and animals (exposure in ng levels may come from a mother's milk)
Aflatoxin M2, metabolite of aflatoxin B2 in milk of cattle fed on contaminated foods[4]
Aflatoxicol
Aflatoxin Q1 (AFQ1), major metabolite of AFB1 in in vitro liver preparations of other higher vertebrates[5]
Aflatoxin-producing members of Aspergillus are common and widespread in nature. They can colonize and contaminate grain before harvest or during storage. Host crops, which include maize, sorghum, and groundnuts, are particularly susceptible to infection by Aspergillus following prolonged exposure to a high-humidity environment, or damage from stressful conditions such as drought. In 2003, 120 people died in Kenya after eating maize with very high aflatoxin levels.[6]The native habitat of Aspergillus is in soil, decaying vegetation, hay, and grains undergoing microbiological deterioration, and it invades all types of organic substrates whenever conditions are favorable for its growth. Favorable conditions include high moisture content (at least 7%) and high temperature. The Aflacontrol project, conducted by IFPRI with scientists from CIMMYT, the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Directorate of Groundnut Research and other organizations, sought to provide evidence of the cost-effectiveness of aflatoxin risk-reduction strategies along maize and groundnut value chains in Africa, and to understand what prevented adoption of these control strategies. The project found that, in both Kenya and Mali, maize drying and storage practices were inadequate in minimizing exposure to aflatoxins.[7]Organic crops which are not treated with fungicides may be more susceptible to contamination with aflatoxins.[8]The toxin also may be found in the milk of animals that are fed contaminated feed.[citation needed]International sources of commercial peanut butter, cooking oils (e.g. olive, peanut and sesame oil), and cosmetics have been identified as contaminated with aflatoxin.[9][10][11] In some instances, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and other analytical methods, revealed a range from 48% to 80% of selected product samples as containing detectable quantities of aflatoxin. In many of these contaminated food products, the aflatoxin exceeded the safe limits of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), or other regulatory agency.[10][11][12][13]To protect human and animal health, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has established action levels for aflatoxin present in food or feed that range between 20 and 300 ppb.[14]Aflatoxin B1 & B2, produced by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticusAflatoxin G1 & G2, produced by Aspergillus parasiticusAflatoxin M1, metabolite of aflatoxin B1 in humans and animals (exposure in ng levels may come from a mother's milk)Aflatoxin M2, metabolite of aflatoxin B2 in milk of cattle fed on contaminated foods[4]AflatoxicolAflatoxin Q1 (AFQ1), major metabolite of AFB1 in in vitro liver preparations of other higher vertebrates[5]
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