Indeed, exclusion is a significant theme in the literature, appearing in multiple regions and with different groups being excluded. Crawford (1995) explores the exclusion of street vendors and the homeless in Los Angeles. In a particularly vivid and long-lasting confrontation, Mitchell (1995) documents how the University of California sought to exclude nearly everyone
but students and professionals from People’s Park in Berkeley. Similarly, Law (2002) describes how Filipino domestic workers struggle against being excluded from traditional Sunday gathering places in central Hong Kong