Hosmer (1994, p. 20) has suggested that ‘‘ethical principles are not subjective measures that vary with cultural, social, and economic conditions; they are objective statements that transcend countries, religions, and times. They are the basic rules or first principles that have been proposed to ensure a ‘good’ society. A ‘good’ society is one in which people willingly cooperate for the benefit of all.’’ We suggest that the duties owed by accountants and auditors are fundamental and essential and must be based upon (1) ethical principles that do not change – regardless of the company involved, the verbiage used in audit standards, or the financial benefits accruing to those who might be tempted to forego their duties, and (2) a commitment to honor duties to society that encompass the public interest and welfare of all stakeholders.