4 Theoretical Frameworks for the Flipped Classroom
Now that we have a working definition of the flipped classroom, we are ready to discuss the theoretical
frameworks used to guide the design of in-class activities. The theoretical foundations
used for justifying the flipped classroom typically focus on reasons for not using classroom time
to deliver lectures. These stem from a large body of literature on student-centered learning, which
looks primarily to the theories of Piaget 1967 and Vygotsky 1978. Tudge and Winterhoff[75]
provide a detailed analysis of the similarities and differences between these two theories. Foot
and Howe[25] provide the background outlining connections leading to peer-assisted learning.
In particular, they point out that constructivism and collaborative learning stem from Piaget’s
theory of cognitive conflict, and that cooperative learning stems from Vygotsky’s zone of proximal
development. Topping and Ehly[73] indicate that peer-assisted learning is an umbrella large
enough to accommodate both of these theories. Smith and MacGregor[66] claim that Lewin[50]
and Deutsch[15] were important influences in cooperative learning through their social interdependence
theories. Constructivism is considered the source for the theories problem-based
and active learning[34]. Kolb’s theory of experiential learning draws from Piaget, Dewey, and
Lewin. This then forms the basis of Kolb’s learning styles. Felder-Silverman 1988 learning styles
draw both from Kolb’s theory of learning styles and from Jung’s theory of psychological types.
Adapted and expanded from an initial diagram by Verleger[78], Figure 2 is useful in tracing the
progression and developmental relationship of different student-centered learning theories present
in the literature.