where Y i is satisfaction with either universal, local or total goals and x i is a vector of individual and household socio-economic characteristics. β1 is a set of parameters that denote the effect of x i on Y i , β0 is the intercept, and ε i is the error for individual i. An ordinary least squares (OLS) model was used for the estimation of Eq. (1).Footnote3 The full sample consists of 278 observations for Bangladesh and 228 for Thailand.