Over the past ten years, several studies have demon started that adolescents are vulnerable to both physiology cal and psychosocial distress when living without their father and/or mother For example, Thompson ob- served that adolescents living with single parents had a higher tendency to have poor health and nutrition, depres- sion, anxiety, low self-esteem, and inadequate social skills and to display aggressive behavior, abuse drugs and alco- hol, and smoke. Weitoft et al. (2003) also found that, com- pared with children in two-parent households, children growing up in a single-parent family have health-related disadvantages, especially in the areas of suicide and dis eases related to alcohol and narcotics. While few re- searchers have probed beyond this risk dimension for adolescents health promotion, some articles in the literature have determined that adolescents of low socio-economic status are more vulner- able to illnesses such as hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Recog- nizing that relatively few studies have investigated the associations between the structure of families with adoles