As the proliferation of standardized devices and OS such as iOS or Android ("de facto standard") advances, the success of mobile media in an international context has become more realistic. Nonetheless, cross-cultural research on mobile advertising has been extremely rare, with a few exceptions. Okazaki and Taylor (2008) examined multinational firms' mobile advertising adoption in a European context. They found that brand building potential, privacy security concerns, and technological conditions are the primary determinants of such adoption. Liu et al (2012) examined cross-cultural differences in mobile advertising adoption in Japan and Austria.