Although it is often mentioned in articles about learning and teaching, surprisingly
few recent studies have systematically investigated the meaning of feedback
in classrooms. In this article, we begin with a conceptual analysis of the meaning
of feedback and a synthesis of the evidence related to the power of feedback to
improve teaching and learning. We then propose a model of feedback that is used
to identify the circumstances under which feedback has the greatest impact.
Specifically, the research evidence related to the different types of feedback and
their effectiveness in terms of promoting student learning are discussed, the different
ways students deal with feedback are described, and the relationship
between assessment and feedback is provided. Finally, the model, together with
the evidence underpinning it, is used to show how feedback can be used to enhance
classroom learning and teaching.