dispute resolution competed, a "community mediation" and "multidoor
courthouse" approach, each backed by a different professional constituency
and associated with a different organizational form. Although none of the
parties was able to obtain definitive federal backing for their approach, the
field progressed into a phase of increasing structuration as the contenders
identified a common body of knowledge, codified normative standards, created
new professional organizations, and developed university-based training
programs. By the mid 1990s, ADR had successfully carved out "a professional
jurisdiction for alternative practices" (p. 29).