E. Medical Imaging Over the past 20 years, digital medical imaging techniques (computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound, computed radiography/digital radiography, fluoroscopy, positron emission tomography, single photon emission computed tomography, etc.) have revolutionized healthcare practice, becoming a core source of information for clinicians to render diagnostic and treatment decisions. Practical analysis of medical images requires two basic processes: visually inspecting the image (involving visual perception processes, including detection and localization tasks), and performing an interpretation (requiring cognitive processes). Unfortunately, interpretation is not error free and can be affected by the observer’s level of expertise and by technological aspects. Moreover, a side effect of the dramatic increase in the availability and use of medical images is a shortage of qualified image reading experts. It is likely that the time per image that is available for interpretation will continue to decrease in the future. Expertise in medical image reading, therefore, needs to be seen under the two aspects: accuracy and speed [77]. Understanding how clinicians read images, how they develop expertise throughout their careers, and why some people are better at interpreting medical images than others are crucial questions that are related to visual attention.