Fig. 2.
The physical environment of each plot. (A) The relative light intensity (RLI) at 1.3 m above the ground; (B) soil bulk density (SDb); (C) soil moisture content (SMC) measured in primary forest (PF), secondary forests [abandoned area far from the village (AFV) and abandoned area near the village (ANV)], and enrichment plantations [plantation of mixed species (PMS) and plantation of one species (PPS)]. The means of physical environment variables were compared among sites using one-way ANOVA, with a significant difference at P > 0.05 (n = 16).