An alternative approach to control for differences in the composition of the workforce is to focus on changes in firm ownership due to cross-border takeovers. Studies that have adopted this approach identify the causal effect of foreign ownership on employment conditions under the assumption that the composition of the workforce is not affected by cross-border takeovers. By focussing on cross-border M&A, this approach does not capture the role of greenfield investment, the effects of which may be different. 11 Studies that focus on cross-border M&A also suggest that FDI has the potential to increase significantly the number and quality of jobs in foreign-owned firms, particularly in developing countries. For example, Girma and Görg (2007) find for the UK that foreign takeovers of domestic firms tend to increase wages, but the effects are relatively small. For Indonesia, Lipsey and Sjöholm (2006) find that after controlling for firm fixed effects, foreign takeovers raise production-worker wages by 17% and non-production-worker wages by 33%.12