Source: MOE (2012)
Remark: Enrollment rate is the percentage of population aged 15 – 24 years old who enroll to upper secondary schools or higher education institutions
Moreover, Thailand may also struggle in empowering the youth population due to the less independence characteristic of youth population. More clearly, Thai youth population is less likely to be as independent as their counterparts in the Western developed countries. This is because most of the youth population aged 15 – 24 years old in Thailand tends to depend on their family at these ages, causing them to be less independent than the youth population in the Western developed countries who is more likely to rely on themselves. These differences not only delay the labor force participation and on-the-job training of the Thai youth population, but also cause several youth-related problems such as leisure-time management, reproductive health, violence and substance abuse. These problems may have a detrimental impact on the youth empowerment in Thailand.