A comprehensive literature review is undertaken of global artificial reefs, their design,
application and management. The majority of papers are linked to North American research,
reefs constructed from concrete and to the general theme of fisheries ecology and management.
Within the review, the main area highlighted for consideration in future research and
management is the design and complexity of artificial reefs. A more limited case study review
identifies monitoring and management as crucial factors, noting a significant lack of
information relating to ownership, liability, regulation, user conflict, environmental
assessment and long-term management goals. An assessment of reef performance indicates
that only 50% of the case studies meet their objectives, the remainder having no, little or
limited success. Questions are therefore raised regarding their value. It is concluded that
although artificial reefs do have the potential to fulfil the many objectives for which they are
promoted, their success will ultimately reflect the quality of prior planning and ongoing
management that is afforded them. # 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.