feeding should not be based
but rather
ncluded that recommending breast
on its role
Which on its positive women are least li
the mother-infant relation"
effects on infant and maternal health
to breast
high time of the home, ced They include mothers who
school education. under age 25. mothers withour
circumstances African American mothers.
in low-income
(Merewood & others, 2007. one study of low-income
Georgia, interventions such as counsel
to ing and the free loan of a breast ng focused
the incidence
of
work uwalia & eased who return
in the others. 2000. Increasingly, mothers infant's first
year of life use a breast pump to extract breast
milk that can be stored for later feeding
present.
of the infant when the mother is not
As mentioned earl
ier, the American Academy of Pediatrics Section
on
months trongly endorses exclusive breast feeding for the first 6
and further
recommends breast feeding for another year. Are there
circumstances when mothers should not breast feed? Yes, a mother shou
when she
that infected with HIV or some other infectious disease
can be transmitted through her milk, if she has active tuberculosis,
2013; Fowler, 2014
cannot breast feed their infants because of physical difficul
ties; others feel guilty if they terminate breast feeding
early also
worry that they are depriving their infants of important emotional and psycho-
logical benefits if they bottle feed than researchers
have found, however, that there are no psychological differences between
breast-fed and bottle-fed infants (Ferguson, Harwood,
& Shannon, 19
Young, 1990
A further issue in
interpreting the benefits of breast feeding was under
research reviews (Agency for Healthcare Research and
Human milk or an alternative formula is a baby's source of nutrients
for the first four to six months. The growing consensus is that breast Quality, 2007: lp & others, 2009). While highlighting a number of breast feed
feeding is better for the baby's health, although controversy still
ing benefits for children and mothers, the report issued a caution about breast
feeding research: None of the findings imply causality. Breast versus bottle
surrounds the issue of breast feeding versus bottle feeding. Why is
breast feeding strongly recommended by pediatricians?
feeding studies are correlational rather than experimental, and women who
breast feed are wealthier, older, more educated, and likely more health-
conscious than their bottle feeding counterparts, which could explain why breast-fed children
are healthier.
developmental connection
Research Methods
Malnutrition in Infancy Many infants around the world are malnourished (UNICEF,
How does a correlational study differ
adequate sources of nutrients, such as
2014). Early weaning of infants from breast milk to in
from an experimental study? Chapter 1
unsuitable and unsanitary cow's milk formula, can cause protein deficiency and malnutrition
in infants. However, as we saw in the chapter opening story, a concern in developing countries
p. 30
women who are HIV-positive and the fear that they will transmit
is the increasing number of
this virus to their offspring (Tenthani & others, 2014). Breast feeding is more optimal
for
mothers and infants in developing countries, except for mothers who have or are su
of having HIV/AIDS.
A recent large-scale study that examined feeding practices in 28 developing countries
found that the practices were far from optimal (Arabi & others, 2012). In this study, only
25 percent of infants 5 months of age and younger were breast fed. Also, feeding guidelines
us A wasting away of body tissues in call for introducing the
infant's first year, caused by severe protein-
olds complementary foods.
complementary foods (solid and semisolid foods) beginning at 6 months.
However, in this study, only 50 percent of the caregivers reported feeding their 6- to 8-month
Two life-
threatening conditions that can result from malnutrition are marasmus and
kwashiorkor A condition caused by severe
deficiency in which the child's at
kwashiorkor. Marasmus is caused by a severe protein-calorie deficiency and results in a
wasting away of body tissues in the infant's first year. The infant becomes grossly underweight
swollen with water usually
nd feet between 1 and 3 years of age.
appears and his or her muscles atrophy. Kwashiorkor, caused by severe protein deficiency, usually
Physical Development in infancy
CHAPTER 4
114
ให้อาหารไม่ควรขึ้นแต่ncluded แนะนำที่เต้านมในบทบาทของมันซึ่งบนของแม่เป็นหลี่น้อยความสัมพันธ์ทางมารดาทารก"ผลกระทบต่อสุขภาพทารก และมารดาที่เต้านมเวลาของบ้าน ced มีมารดาที่โรงเรียนการศึกษา ภายใต้อายุ 25 แม่ตั้งกรณีคุณแม่ชาวอเมริกันแอฟริกันในรายได้ต่ำ(Merewood และคนอื่น ๆ 2007. ศึกษาของรายได้ต่ำจอร์เจีย แทรกแซงเช่นที่ปรึกษาing และยืมฟรีของเต้านมฉบับมุ่งเน้นอุบัติการณ์ของuwalia และบรรเทาที่กลับคนอื่น 2000 มากขึ้น มารดาทารกแรกของปีของการใช้ชีวิตปั๊มน้ำนมเพื่อขยายเต้านมนมที่สามารถเก็บไว้กินภายหลังปัจจุบันของทารกเมื่อคุณแม่ไม่ได้เป็นเอิร์ลกล่าวier สถาบันอเมริกันของกุมารส่วนบนtrongly เดือนรับรองนมพิเศษสำหรับ 6 แรกและต่อไปแนะนำให้นมอีกปี อยู่นั่นสถานการณ์เมื่อควรไม่มีนมแม่กิน ใช่ shou ในแม่เมื่อเธอที่ติดเชื้อเอชไอวีหรือโรคบางอย่างสามารถส่งผ่านนมของเธอ หากเธอมีงานวัณโรค2013 ฟาวเลอร์ 2014ไม่ฟีดเต้านมทารกของพวกเขาเนื่องจาก difficul มีอยู่จริงผูก คนอื่นรู้สึกผิดถ้าจะเลิกนมช่วงต้นยังกังวลว่า พวกเขาจะทำให้ทารกของพวกเขาสำคัญทางอารมณ์และจิตประโยชน์ที่เป็นตรรกะถ้าพวกเขาขวดอาหารกว่านักวิจัยได้พบ อย่างไรก็ตาม ว่า มีไม่มีความแตกต่างทางจิตวิทยาbreast-fed and bottle-fed infants (Ferguson, Harwood,& Shannon, 19Young, 1990A further issue ininterpreting the benefits of breast feeding was underresearch reviews (Agency for Healthcare Research andHuman milk or an alternative formula is a baby's source of nutrientsfor the first four to six months. The growing consensus is that breast Quality, 2007: lp & others, 2009). While highlighting a number of breast feedfeeding is better for the baby's health, although controversy stilling benefits for children and mothers, the report issued a caution about breastfeeding research: None of the findings imply causality. Breast versus bottlesurrounds the issue of breast feeding versus bottle feeding. Why isbreast feeding strongly recommended by pediatricians?feeding studies are correlational rather than experimental, and women whobreast feed are wealthier, older, more educated, and likely more health-conscious than their bottle feeding counterparts, which could explain why breast-fed childrenare healthier.developmental connectionResearch MethodsMalnutrition in Infancy Many infants around the world are malnourished (UNICEF,How does a correlational study differadequate sources of nutrients, such as2014). Early weaning of infants from breast milk to infrom an experimental study? Chapter 1unsuitable and unsanitary cow's milk formula, can cause protein deficiency and malnutritionin infants. However, as we saw in the chapter opening story, a concern in developing countriesp. 30women who are HIV-positive and the fear that they will transmitis the increasing number ofthis virus to their offspring (Tenthani & others, 2014). Breast feeding is more optimalformothers and infants in developing countries, except for mothers who have or are suof having HIV/AIDS.A recent large-scale study that examined feeding practices in 28 developing countriesfound that the practices were far from optimal (Arabi & others, 2012). In this study, only25 percent of infants 5 months of age and younger were breast fed. Also, feeding guidelinesus A wasting away of body tissues in call for introducing theinfant's first year, caused by severe protein-olds complementary foods.complementary foods (solid and semisolid foods) beginning at 6 months.However, in this study, only 50 percent of the caregivers reported feeding their 6- to 8-monthTwo life-threatening conditions that can result from malnutrition are marasmus andkwashiorkor A condition caused by severedeficiency in which the child's atkwashiorkor. Marasmus is caused by a severe protein-calorie deficiency and results in awasting away of body tissues in the infant's first year. The infant becomes grossly underweightswollen with water usuallynd feet between 1 and 3 years of age.appears and his or her muscles atrophy. Kwashiorkor, caused by severe protein deficiency, usuallyPhysical Development in infancyCHAPTER 4114
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