3.3 Validity and Reliability
In this research, the awareness of the validity and reliability of the data collection instrument is
critically concerned. Confirmatory factor analysis is assigned to examine the validity of data in the
questionnaire. As suggested by Nunnally and Berstein (1994), the acceptable cut-off score of factor
loading is 0.40. For the validity testing, the results indicate that all factor loadings of each construct
are greater than 0.40 ranging from 0.551 to 0.908 and are statistical significant, as presented in Table
1. Evidently, the measurements of all constructs used in this study are satisfied.
This study utilizes Cronbach’s alpha coefficient to assure the internal consistency and the stability of
the designed instrument. The coefficient should be higher than 0.60, as the suggestion of prior
investigation (Nunnally and Berstein; 1994). Table 1 provides the Cronbach’s alpha coefficients of
each variable ranging from 0.603 to 0.927, which exceeds the reliability criteria.