Research and Design Implications
This work has important theoretical, methodological, and practical
design implications for education researchers and developers
who wish to explore the use of technology to support
novel educational paradigms such as flipped learning. First,
the results, in which adaptive content review achieved signifi-
cant learning performance while maladaptive review proved
no better than having no review at all, demonstrate an apparent
link between levels of attention and test performance.
Additional analysis, which revealed a marginal association
between EEG attention values and information recall, further
strengthen this theory. Second, the design methodology outlines
an effective strategy for developing educational tools
modeled after human educator behaviors, as well as demonstrating
the potential of using novel technologies such as EEG
to facilitate learning in self-directed education. Finally, this
research might inform future explorations into self-directed
learning technologies by providing a model for a practical
system to improve student learning that could be deployed in
real-world contexts.