and that the binding of color and form requires attention. In other words, the color and the information are not automatically bound together in memory; rather, attention and active processing are prerequisites for the encoding specificity effect. Yet, it is possible that in these studies, the color was too far removed from the information, resulting in a weak bond between the two. For instance, in Presta et al.’s research, the participants’ attention was likely focused centrally on the information, which was removed from the colored borders in the periphery. Perhaps the encoding specificity effect may have occurred if the entire background, as opposed to page border, was colored.