Based upon this model, an initial pool of 20 items was developed. The items included a cognitive dimension (6 items), an affective dimension (7 items) and a behavioral dimension (7 items). There were
both negatively stated (10) and positively stated (10) items. Examples of instrument items were: (a) “Smoking ruins my health;” (b) “Smoking calms me down when I am upset;” and, (c) “ I want to see if I am strong enough to be a nonsmoker.” Responses were scaled on a 4-point Likert-like scale ranging from 1 = absolutely disagree to 4 = absolutely agree. The 10 negatively stated items were reverse-scored prior to analysis. To obtain a total score, all responses were summed giving a possible range of scores from 20 to 80.Items were stated to reflect a positive attitude toward smoking. Thus, the higher the total score, the more positive the attitude towa rds smoking