They also argue that this would entail a “transition in market for services with some form of dual market structure, with a modern sector open to international competition and meeting the standards of a fast-track system, while the old procedures
and control may remain available for the rest” (Arvis et al., 2011). The “rest” were sheltered by current arrangements dating from the 1970s to the early 1980s, in which many of the market transit systems favoured small independent operators, regardless of the quality of service they offered.