Brand loyalty generates value by reducing marketing costs and leveraging trade. Loyal customers expect the brand to be always available and entice others advising them to use it. Retaining existing customers is much less costly than attracting new ones and even if there are low switching costs there is a significant inertia among customers. It is also difficult for competitors to communicate to satisfied brand users because they have little motivation to learn about alternatives. Therefore competitors may be discouraged from spending resources to attract satisfied and loyal customers and even if they do so, there is plenty of time to respond accordingly to that action.