or group activity that goes on over a period of time, resulting in a product, presentation or performance. Moursund
(2007) further elaborates that PjBL typically has a time line and milestones, and other aspects of formative
evaluation as the project proceeds. Whereas Buck Institute of Education (2007) states PjBL as a systematic teaching
method that engages students in learning knowledge and skills through an extended inquiry process structured
around complex, authentic questions and carefully designed products and tasks.
The above definitions are reflected in constructivist learning theory whereby knowledge is constructed by
learners as they attempt to make sense of their experiences based on their current and previous knowledge. Grant
(2002) synthesizes from previous studies done by Perkins (1991), Piaget (1969), and Vygotsky (1978) that in
constructivism, interactions with the environment through conducting investigations, conversation or activities,
individuals construct new knowledge by building on their current knowledge. Consequently, in PjBL, learners learn
meaningfully through the process of exploring, scaffolding, interpreting, negotiating, and creating products namely
presentation and written report required in their project work.
PjBL also reflects Vygotskian’s perspective of learning. Vygotsky in Wertcsch (1985) theorizes that learning
takes place through social interaction that encourages individuals to deal with the kind cognitive challenges that are
just slightly above their current levels of ability. He further explains that concepts develop and understanding
happens when learners enter into discussion and meaningful interaction with more capable peers or teachers. This
permeates learners to model problem solving, assist finding solutions, monitor progress and evaluate success while
engaging themselves in PjBL. It is undeniable that PjBL is beneficial to students’ as they acquire and practice not
only workplace skills but also language skills while carrying out the project work.
The following studies have shown that PjBL benefits students in language learning for the following reasons: