Multiplicity of connections between societies. Interstate relations (commonly assumed by
realists). Transgovernmental relations, bureaucrats in contact, or even in coalitions, across
national borders (relaxes the state as unitary actor assumption of realism). Transnational
relations, nongovernmental elites meeting about policy or business, also multinational
corporations or international organizations. These actors make governments more sensitive to
each other, and these effects are facilitated by global communications.
Absence of Hierarchy among Issues
Foreign affairs agendas are more extensive and diverse. Sometimes some are important to one
domestic group, or these groups are diametrically opposed to a certain policy. These concerns
complicate foreign affairs, making coherence/consistency difficult.
Minor Role of Military Force
Among industrialized, pluralist countries, safety has increased and force is not feared. Sometimes
force is not an appropriate policy instrument for in economic or environmental transnational
relations. Military power is still relevant, but its use can often complicate nonsecurity goals