As Rothman (1980) and many others have pointed out, this ideal system was
never implemented as intended. Although the contours of the correctional system
changed—the juvenile court, indeterminate sentencing, probation, parole,
and discretion became integral features of this system—the resources and
knowledge needed to provide effective treatment to offenders were in short
supply. Even so, these discrepancies between the ideal and reality were not
viewed as fundamental flaws in the underlying paradigm of individualized