Early and larval development
Fertilization success was assessed by examining at least 100 oocytes by light microscopy at least 90 min post-insemination. Fertilization was considered successful if the oocyte was at or beyond polar body I formation. Survival to straight-hinge stage (48 h) was determined by sieving cultures onto a 25 Mm mesh screen and counting larvae of normal appearance. Yield at 48 h was calculated as