Additionally, according to Klein et al.’s terminology as a condition for the group-level theory to be adopted in a research, the researcher should assume that members of each group under investigation are homogeneous, and only a single characteristic would be sufficient to
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describe the group. This research argues that the participants of each group of Brazilians and Portuguese are homogeneous according to their Cultural Pattern. It is important to note that the concept of culture implies that participants of the same culture are subjected to common social influences within each culture. In this way, the level of theory in this research can be described as homogeneous. With respect to the studies of leadership, Smith and Bond (1998) claim that the use of group analysis is suggested for many scholars.