some explants even directly formed somatic embryos as time elapsed (Figure 1a). Although the survival rate of explants decreased as the radiation treatment increased, survival was high (approximately 90%) in the group exposed to 67 Gy radiation (Figure 2). The rate of somatic embryo induction was approximately 75% for the groups derived from seeds exposed to 0 and 67 Gy; this rate also declined as the radiation treatment increased (Figure 2).