To learn, we apply what we already know to a new situation. If new information doesn’t fit with what we know then we feel uncomfortable and struggle to make sense of it. Often understanding new information means that we have to adjust how we thought about existing information. For example, if a machine doesn’t work like the similar machine, as expected, then perhaps we didn’t really understand how the first machine worked in the first place. We may have to go back to the first machine and find our “mistake” or misconception.