For the HDNNCDS, the present study comprised of 7595 participants after excluding those who reported having T2D at baseline survey (n = 1189), those who reported extreme values for total energy intake (men:> 4200 or < 800 kcal/day, women: > 3500 or < 500 kcal/day, n = 368), or vitamin C and vitamin E supplement use (n = 89), and those who had missing information on education, BMI, waist circumference, or dietary vitamin C and vitamin E intake (n = 493).