To prepare individuals to become school superintendents, therefore, programs of study often featured courses in budgeting, heating and ventilating, methods for performing janitorial services and sanitation tasks, writing publicity releases, and record keeping. Professors of educational administration, in turn, commonly conducted studies to determine, for example, the cheapest methods of maintaining floors-such as the most efficient techniques for mopping or sweeping, oiling and/or waxing-so that they could provide prospective school superintendents with the skills necessary to train janitorial workers.