Root sampling
Root systems were sampled in 2004 and 2006 from three sites
in the Northern hemisphere, i.e. two in France (Europe) and
one in La Guadeloupe (a tropical Caribbean island; Table 1).
In every case, a non-pastured field near a managed forest,
rich in herbaceous plant species, was investigated, and most
common species were harvested. Seven plant species were
common to both European sites (Table 1). For each species,
root systems were obtained from three different individuals
situated more than 1 m away from each other. They were
washed carefully under a dissection microscope within 1 h after
harvesting, in order to remove soil and larger and old or
damaged roots: only healthy-looking, fine young roots, with
no superficial hyphal colonization, were kept for analysis.
They were then surface-sterilized using a solution of sodium
hypochloride (2 % v/v) and Tween 80 (¼polysorbate 80,
a non-ionic emulsifier – 5 % w/v) for 10 s and rinsed three
times in sterile distilled water. Then, a 0.5 g (fresh weight)
sub-sample, containing several roots, was frozen at 80 C.
A subsample of the roots was stained by Trypan blue following
the method of Koske & Gemma (1989) to check for AM colonization:
all species proved to be AM, with exception of the
two Cardamine species (Brassicaceae) and Rumex crispus
(Polygonaceae; not shown).
Root samplingRoot systems were sampled in 2004 and 2006 from three sitesin the Northern hemisphere, i.e. two in France (Europe) andone in La Guadeloupe (a tropical Caribbean island; Table 1).In every case, a non-pastured field near a managed forest,rich in herbaceous plant species, was investigated, and mostcommon species were harvested. Seven plant species werecommon to both European sites (Table 1). For each species,root systems were obtained from three different individualssituated more than 1 m away from each other. They werewashed carefully under a dissection microscope within 1 h afterharvesting, in order to remove soil and larger and old ordamaged roots: only healthy-looking, fine young roots, withno superficial hyphal colonization, were kept for analysis.They were then surface-sterilized using a solution of sodiumhypochloride (2 % v/v) and Tween 80 (¼polysorbate 80,a non-ionic emulsifier – 5 % w/v) for 10 s and rinsed threetimes in sterile distilled water. Then, a 0.5 g (fresh weight)sub-sample, containing several roots, was frozen at 80 C.A subsample of the roots was stained by Trypan blue followingthe method of Koske & Gemma (1989) to check for AM colonization:all species proved to be AM, with exception of thetwo Cardamine species (Brassicaceae) and Rumex crispus(Polygonaceae; not shown).
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