2.6. Texture profile analysis
Meatballs were heated at 80°C for 5 minutes and cooled at the room temperature. Then, they were cut off two
sides to get 2 of 10 mm depth strips. The texture profile analyses (TPA) of meatballs were determined by using a
texture analyzer (Lloyd Instrument, TA plus, UK) equipped with a 1 kN load cell and ball probe (1.2 cm diameter).
Samples were comprised to 75% of original height at test speed of 2 mm/min. The parameters were obtained
hardness (N), cohesiveness, springiness (mm), gumminess (N), chewiness (N.mm), adhesiveness (N.mm).