shows the variation in the PO43– concentrations in the fish monoculture and the fish-seaweed integrated systems containing each species during the experimental period. The PO43– concentrations in the fish monoculture system were less than 10 µM after seven days. Among the three species, the average PO43– concentrations in the fish-seaweed integrated system were approximately 5.0 µM at the end of the experiment.