This phenomenon is known for several viruses and was also discussed for ASFV [18]. In consequence, humoral responses against ASFV seem to play a two-sided role. It is known that passive transfer of ASFV antibodies can be protective [19], buton the other hand, high antibody titers may not confer protection against challenge [4]. To further investigate the lack of protection,macrophage infection inhibition and neutralization assays were carried out. In conclusion, none of the serum samples taken prior to challenge infection showed neutralizing activity (data not shown)despite positive reactions in two different ELISA systems. Including functional assays as estimators for protection may thus be crucial.As these findings may have implications for future vaccine development, future studies will target especially the beneficial cellular immune reactions again.In conclusion, the selected modern adjuvants did not enhance the efficacy of BEI-inactivated African swine fever virus vaccines.Although ASFV-specific antibodies were present in all vaccines, no protection was observed even after strict homologues challenge.The slightly accelerated clinical course in some vaccinated pigs could even indicate an antibody dependent enhancement that may also influence the efficacy of other vaccine approaches.